Basics

Basics: A Rhetoric and Handbook Chapter Links

Part One: The Writing Process [top]

Learning the Writing Process [top]

The writing process consists of various stages: prewriting, writing a rough draft, revising, editing and proofreading and publishing (giving it to a publisher or teacher).

Process

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition> Principles of Composition, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.
<http//www.colostate.edu/Depts/WritingCenter/references/processes.htm> Guides to Writing Processes, Colorado State University.
<http://www.amherst.edu/~writing/wb_html/wb.html> Writing Better, A Handbook for Amherst Students, by Susan Snively, Writing Counselor, Amherst College. This site provides a very strong overview of the process.
<http://www.clearef.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssaysToc.html> The Essay, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria. This site provides a thorough investigation of essay writing.
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb.html>Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.

Avoid Procrastination

<http://www.utexas.edu/student/lsc/handouts/1911.html>Design your Own Anti-procrastination Plan, Learning Center University of Texas, Austin.

Using Computers

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/124.html> Writing With Computers, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/wordbase.html> Windows of Perception: Word-processing Basics, Writing Center University of Cleveland.

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2. Gathering Information [top]

Early stages of the process consist of collecting data from internal sources (thinking) or from external sources (reading or interviewing).

<http://www.amherst.edu/~writing/wb_html/chapter1.html> Getting Started: Steps to Organization, in Writing Better, A Handbook, for Amherst Students by Susan Snively, Writing Counselor, Amherst College

Invention

<http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/writing/on-line/invention.html> Invention Techniques, Hunter College.

Freewriting

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/brainstorm_freewrite.htm> Freewriting, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

Brainstorming

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/brainst.html>Brainstorming, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.

Clustering

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/brainstorm_clustering.htm> Clustering, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/cluster.htm> Pre-writing: Clustering, Melanie Dawson and Joe Essid, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.

Idea Tree

<http://www.odu.edu/~wts/gen.htm> Generating Ideas, includes a Idea Tree, Writing Tutorial Services, at the Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.

Summarizing

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/summariesTOC.html> Summaries: An Introduction, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.
<http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/writing/tools/summary_writing.html> Summary Writing, The Writing Program, University of Southern California.

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Focusing on the Central Idea [top]

The writing process continues as one focuses on a central concern.

Thesis Statement

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/thesis.htm> Thesis Statement, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/thesis.html> Thesis Statement, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/thesis.html>Threads of Thought Thesis Development in Analytical Writing, by Craig Waddell, Writing Center Web, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
<http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/thesis.html> Thesis Statement, Writing Center, University of Cleveland.

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Outlining and Drafting an Essay [top]

The writing process continues as one outlines and writes a draft.

Outlining

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/brainstorm_outline.htm> Outlining, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://www.clearef.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssayOrgOutStruct.html> The Structure Of The Essay Outline, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/63.html> Developing an Outline, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Drafting

<http://www.up.net/~msbones/ww01002.htm> Drafting, The Writing Process Web, by Casey Anderson.

Audience

<http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/writing/tools/audience.html> Audience Awareness Questions, The Writing Program, University of Southern California.
<http://www.odu.edu/~wts/audience.htm> In Search of an Audience, Writing Tutorial Services, at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.

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5. Rewriting Drafts [top]

Revising the draft is vital in the writing process.

Revisions

<http://www.amherst.edu/~writing/wb_html/chapter3.html> Revising in Writing Better, A Handbook for Amherst Students by Susan Snively, Writing Counselor, Amherst College
<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/editing.htm> The Rewriting and

Editing Process, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

<http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/revise.html> Suggestions for Revising Prose, Writing Center Web, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Computer Revisions.
<http://www.utexas.edu/student/lsc/handouts/1234.html> How to Write and Revise a Rough Draft, Learning Center, University of Texas in Austin.

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6. Preparing a Final Copy [top]

Completing the process occurs as the writer edits and proofreads for the final times.

Editing

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/finaled.htm>Checklist for a Final Edit, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/91.html> Steps in Editing Your Paper, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Peer Editing Guide

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/peeredit.html> Peer Editing Guide, by Melanie Dawson, in Also visit the site, "Do's and Don'ts for Writing Commentary: <http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/dosdonts.html> by Adria Bader.

Proofreading

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ProofPresentProofing.html> Proofreading, "Here are a list--whoops, make that "Here is a list"--of tips for proofreading. . . " The UVic Writer's Guide University of Victoria.

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/32.html> Proofreading Strategies, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

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7. Writing Focused, Unified, and Coherent Paragraphs [top]

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/13.html> Coherence, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Unified and Coherent Paragraphs

<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/parunif.html>Developing Unified and Coherent Paragraphs, by Dorothy Turner, in HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Center at the University of Ottawa.
<http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/paragraf.html> Crafting Paragraphs, Writing Center, Cleveland State University.

Topic Sentence

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParTopicSent.html> The Topic Sentence, the UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria, includes Developing Your Topic Sentence: <http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParDevIntro.html>.

Transitions

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/trans2.html> Using Transitions, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA., and a list of "Transitional Words and Phrases": <http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/trans1.html>.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/29.html> Transitional Devices (Connecting Words), Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

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8. Developing Ideas and Arranging Details in a Paragraph [top]

Organization

<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/paragrph.html>Writing Paragraphs, by Dorothy Turner in HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.
<http://www.powa.org/orgnfrms.htm> Organizing Your Writing, Paradigm Online Writing Assistant by Chuck Guilford.
<http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/organize.html> Organization, Writing Center, Cleveland State University.

Narration

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/narrative.htm>Composition Patterns: Narrative and Descriptive, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParOrderNarr.html> Paragraph Order--Narration, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

Description

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/104.html> Writing Description, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Definition

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParDevDef.html> Paragraphs that Define, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

Persuasion

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/123.html>Argumentation/Persuasion: Logic in Argumentative Writing, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/handouts/logic.html>Persuasive & Logical Writing, by Sandy Vogel, On-line Writing Lab, Utah Valley State College.

Patterns of Arrangement

General to Specific

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParOrderGenPart.html> Paragraph Order--General To Particular, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

Specific to General

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/ParOrderPartGen.html> Paragraph Order--Particular To General, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

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9. Writing Introductions and Conclusions [top]

<http://www.gmu.edu/departments/writingcenter/handouts/introcon.html> Guide to Introductions, Conclusions and Titles, George Mason Writing Center.

Introductions

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/intros.htm> Introductory Paragraphs, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College. This site includes things not to do.
<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssayWritingIntros.html> Introduction, Try: <http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssayWritingIntroStruct.html> The Structure Of An Introduction, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.
<http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/writing/tools/intro.html> Suggestions for Writing An Introduction, The Writing Program, University of Southern California

Conclusions

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/composition/endings.htm> Concluding Paragraphs, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/conclude.htm> Writing Conclusions, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/conclude.html> Strategies for Writing a Conclusion, by Randa Holewa LEO, St. Cloud State University.
<http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~wricntr/documents/Conclusions.html> Ending the Essay: Conclusions, by Pat Bellanca, for the Writing Center at Harvard University.

Part Two: Research Process [top]

10. Learning How to Research and Take Notes [top]

Research Process

<http://www.researchpaper.com> Researchpaper.com, "the web’s most comprehensive writing and

research center." Infonautics Corporation.

<http://www.ipl.org/teen/aplus/stepfirst.htm> Research and Writing Step by Step, The Internet Public Library.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/writers/by-topic.html#research> Research Papers, Purdue Online Writing Lab.
<http://www.dla.utexas.edu/depts/ams/lskills/ American Studies Learning Skills, by Todd Vogel and Katherine Thornock, provides information on note taking and the research process. This is a very inventive visual approach to web design. University of Texas in Austin.
<http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/esswrit2.htm> Essay Writing II - Planning and Research, Student Services, at Charles Sturt University.

Collecting Information

<http://www.ipl.org/teen/aplus/step4.htm> Gathering Information, Internet Public Library.

Note Taking

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssayResearchNotes.html> Taking Notes, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

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Part Three: Researching Online [top]

11. Learning How to Research Using Electronic Sources [top]

Many university libraries are a great source of information about doing research. Start with your local university library online.

Electronic Sources

<http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/compde/guide/> The McGraw-Hill Guide to Electronic Research and Documentation, by Diana Roberts Wienbroer.

Evaluate Internet Sources

<http://campusgw.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/evaluating/analyze.html> How to Critically Analyze Information Sources, Cornell University Library.
<http://www.tiac.net/users/hope/findqual.html> Evaluating Quality on the Net, by Hope Tillman, provides a detailed evaluation, Babcock College.
<http://www.sccu.edu/faculty/R_Harris/evalu8it.htm> Evaluating Internet Research Sources, at Southern California College.
<http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation/webeval.htm> Teaching Critical Evaluation Skills for World Wide Web Resources, by Jan Alexander and Marsha Tate, Wolfgram Memorial Library at Widener University.

Web Indexes

Sites that have been selected and organized into useful categories are of value to researchers.

<http://ww.yahoo.com> Yahoo, one of the first and perhaps best popular and general indexes.
<http://about.com>About, includes a personal guide in each subject area.
<http://ww.calvin.edu/library/as> Alpha Search, Hekman Digital Library at Calvin College in Grand Rapids Michigan.
<http://scout.cs.wisc.edu/index.html> Internet Scout Project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/InternetIndex> Librarians' Index to the Internet, Californian State Library.
<http://vlib.org> Virtual Library CERN, an academically organized and maintained.
<http://www.ipl.org/> Internet Public Library, University of Michigan School of Information.

Search Engines

<http://altavista.digital.com> AltaVista.

<http://www.excite.com> Excite.

<http://infoseek.com> Infoseek.
<http://webcrawler.com> WebCrawler.
<http://www.google.com/>Google.

Meta Search Engines

Multiple search engine all in one site

<http://www.metafinder.com>Metafinder.
<http://www.mamma.com> Mamma, "The Mother of all Search Engines."
<http://cuiwww.unige.ch/meta-index.html> W3 Search Engines.
<http://www.savvysearch.com/> Savvy Search.
<http://dogpile.com> Dogpile.

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Part Four: MLA Documentation [top]

12. Writing the Research Paper Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format [top]

<http://www.mla.org> Modern Language Association Style Site, the official site; visit examples of how to cite World Wide Web sources: <http://www.mla.org/style/style_top_index.htm>.

Suggestions on MLA Documentation

<http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocMLA.html> MLA Style: Writer's Handbook, The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center.
<http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/mla.html> Documenting Sources – MLA, Prepared by: Marilyn Morgan et.al., Writing Center Web, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute .
<http://itc.dixie.edu/reber/mlastyle/mlaguide.htm> MLA Style Guide, by Edwin P. Reber, at Dixie College, St. George, Utah.

Resource Links to Citation Sites

<http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html> Karla's Guide to Citation Style Guides, by Karla Tonella, University of Iowa.

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Part Five: APA Documentation [top]

13. Writing the Research Paper Using the American Psychological Association (APA) Format [top]

<http://www.apa.org/> American Psychological Association (APA). No general tips on how to do APA documentation exist; however, a list of guides and even software exist on APA Styles usage. There are tips on how to do electronic sources: Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association <http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html>.

Suggestions on APA Documentation

<http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html> APA Style: Writer's Handbook, The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center.
<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/bibliography/apa/apamenu.htm> APA Format, maintained by Steve Lamos for the Writer's Workshop University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This is a very extensive site.

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Part Six: Chicago and CBE Documentation [top]

14. Writing the Research Paper Using Other Formats [top]

Chicago Manual Style

<http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Subjects/virtual_guide.html> Chicago Manual of Style, the official site where one can buy the manual. Visit the Official Chicago Manual of Style FAQ: <http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq.html>.

Suggestions on Using Chicago Manual Style

<http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html> Documentation: Chicago Style, from the Writer's Handbook, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center.

Dealing with Electronic Sources

<http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html>Citing Electronic Information in History Papers, by Maurice Crouse, Department of History at the University of Memphis. Offers suggests on how to cite electronic sources.

CBE Style

<http://www.cbe.org/> Council of Biology Editors (CBE), "aims to improve communication in the life sciences by educating authors, editors, and publishers; by providing means of cooperation among persons interested in publishing in the life sciences; and by promoting effective communication practices in primary and secondary publishing in any form." This is the official site, but it offers no suggestion on documentation.

Suggestions on CBE Citation

<http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/cbe.html> Citation and Documentation in the Sciences: CBE Format, by Dr. Kimberly Abels, Writing Center at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

<http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocCBE6.html> CBE Documentation, from the Writer's Handbook, The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center.

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Part Seven: Special Assignments: Arguments, Literature, Business Writing [top]

15. Writing Argument [top]

Writing a good argument essay besides taking time, effort, and research, requires understanding rhetorical analysis.

Argument

<http://commhum.mccneb.edu/argument/summary.htm> Identifying the Argument of an Essay, by Frank Edler at the Metropolitan Community College, Omaha, Nebraska. This site gives an overview of argument.
<http://powa.org/argufrms.htm>Occasions for Argumentative Essays, by Chuck Guilford A good overview of argument is given. Paradigm Online Writing Assistant.
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/argument.htm> Persuasive, Rational Argumentation in Writing, by Patricia Patterson, Writer's Web for the University of Richmond.
<http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.html >Effective Academic Writing: The Argument, from Writing Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
<www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.htm> Writing Argumentative Essay, by Bill Daly.
<http://cspnt4.pinc.com/ddgram/index.html> Argumentative Writing and Grammar, Dr. David's Home Page, by Dave Godfrey.

Logic

<http://www.amherst.edu/~writing/wb_html/logic.html> Logic: Helping Words Think Straight, by Susan Snively, Writing Counselor, Amherst College.

Logical Fallacies

<http://intrepidsoftware.com/fallacy/toc.htm> Stephen's Guide to Logical Fallacies, by Stephen Downes, a rather comprehensive site from Assiniboine Community College.
<http://www.univnorthco.edu/philosophy/clinic.html>The Argument Clinic. Here visitors can submit "arguments" and get a response to whether such arguments are logical. Visit the "Arguments and Their Evaluation" site which provides a basic definition of what constitutes a sound argument and also what does not: < http://www.unco.edu/philosophy/arg.html >. This site is provided by the Philosophy Department at the University of Northern Colorado.

Rhetorical Analysis

<http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm> Silva Rhetoricae, by Gideon O. Burton, Brigham Young University. This is one of the very best sites on rhetorical analysis.

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16. Literary Papers [top]

Tips on Writing

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/114.html> Writing about Fiction, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://www.gmu.edu/departments/writingcenter/handouts/litwrite.html> A Practical Guide To Writing Papers about Literature, George Mason Writing Center.

Terms

<http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/Harris/rhetform.html> A Glossary of Literary Terms and A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices, includes an introduction and a self test by Robert Harris, Professor of English at Southern California College in Costa Mesa, California.

Literary Online Resources

<http://vos.ucsb.edu/shuttle/english2.html>Voice of the Shuttle, English Literature, by Alan Liu, English Dept., University of California, Santa Barbara.
<http://www.lib.lsu.edu/hum/lit.html> Literary Resources, maintained by William Thompson, LSU.
<http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/asw> Reference and Research, American Studies Web, Georgetown University.
<http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu> Carnegie Mellon English Server. "We offer 27, 241 works online."
<http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Lit/>Literary Research Tools on the Net, by Jack Lynch. The Newark campus of Rutgers University.

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17. Writing for Business [top]

Business Letters

<http://www.gmu.edu/departments/writingcenter/business.html> Guide to Business Letters, George Mason Writing Center.

Memos

<http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/memos.html> Memos, by Dan Murphy, Writing Center Web, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Resumes

<http://www.free-resume-tips.com/> Resume Tips, Resource Center, includes "10 Tips to Generate More Interviews and Higher Salary Offers": <http://www.free-resume-tips.com/10tips.html>.
<http://www.taos.com/resumetips.html>Top Ten Technical Resume Writing Tips, Taos Mountain.

Web Resumes

<http://www.2resumewizards.com/webresume.html> Web Résumés, Resume Wizards.

Cover Letters

<http://www.bradleycvs.co.uk/jobhunt/letters.htm> Letter Writing Etiquette, Bradley CVs.

<http://www.careercc.com/resumpr.shtml#Cover> Resume Presentation And Procedure Tips, includes tips on writing cover letters, Career Consulting Corner.

<http://www.connectme.com/advice/covletter/index.html>Cover Letter Writing Tips, by Pat Kendall, Certified Professional Résumé Writer, Career Connection.

E-mail

<http://www.net-market.com/email.htm> The Art of Writing E-mail, by Gerardo San Diego.

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Part Eight: Sentence Sense [top]

18. Sentence Building Blocks [top]

<http://webster.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar.htm> Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling at Capital Community-Technical College. This site includes PowerPoint Presentations teachers can download and use for their classes.

Sentences

<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldsent.html> Building Sentences, by David Megginson, HyperGrammar, Writing Centre, the University of Ottawa.

Clauses

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/clauses.htm> Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks, Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling at Capital Community-Technical College.

Phrases

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/phrases.htm> The Garden of Phrases, Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling at Capital Community-Technical College.

Parts of Speech

<http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/OTHERREFERENCE/GRAMMARANDPUNCTUATION/PartsSpeech.html> Parts of Speech, Brain Bank.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/grammarcondensed.html> Parts of Speech and Parts of a Sentence, in table format, by Sharon Cogdill and Judith Kilborn, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

1. Nouns

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/nounsdefined.htm> Nouns Defined, by Jubal Croegaert, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

2. Pronouns

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/pronoundef.htm>Pronouns Defined, by Jennifer Lively, teaching suggestion, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

3. Verbs

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/principalparts.htm> Principal Parts of Verbs, by Janet Hardt, teaching suggestions, sample exercises, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

4. Articles

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/25.html> The Use and Non-Use of Articles, Purdue Online Writing Lab.

5. Adjectives

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/adjectivedef.htm> Adjectives Defined, by Linda Seiler, includes teaching suggestions, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

6. Adverbs

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/adverbdef.htm> Adverbs Defined, by Nicole Ratschan, includes teaching suggestions, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

7. Prepositions

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/preposit.htm> Prepositions, by Heather Oldfield, includes teaching suggestions, sample exercise, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

8. Conjunctions

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/conjunctdef.htm> Conjunctions Defined, by Rachael Bates, sample exercises, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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19. Sentence Structure [top]

<http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/index.html> Guide to Grammar and Style, by Jack Lynch at Rutgers University.

Fragment

<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.html> Common Causes of Fragments, by Becky Marchant, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

<http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/fragment.htm> The Fragment, Grammar Bytes, by Robin L. Simmons. This site provides the rules.

Fused

<http://www.chompchomp.com/csfs1/rules.htm> For Fixing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences, This site provides the rules. Grammar Bytes, by Robin L. Simmons. There are also about 5 handouts on the topic.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fusedsen.html> Fused Sentence, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

Comma Splice

<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.html> Comma Splices, Fused Sentences, and Run-ons, by Sharon Cogdill and Judith Kilborn, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University

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20. Sentence Logic and Effectiveness [top]

Misplaces and Dangling Modifiers

<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/msplmod.html> Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

Avoid Dangling Modifiers

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/danglingmods.htm> Dangling Modifiers, by Rick Melton, provides a teaching suggestion, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Misplaced Modifiers

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/misplacedmod.htm> Misplaced Modifiers, by Stephanie Pyter, provides a teaching suggestion, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Parallelism

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/SentParallel.html> Parallelism, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.

<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/parallelism.html> Parallelism, by Becky Marchant, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

Avoid Faulty Shifts

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/consistency.htm> Tense Consistency, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.

Active Voice Vs. Passive Voice

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/active.htm> Active and Passive Voice, by Charla Burgess, provides table and "Hints for Identifying the Passive Voice," Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Part Nine: Correct Usage [top]

21. Agreement [top]

Subject-verb Agreement

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/sv_agr.htm> Subject/Verb Agreement, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/subverag.html> Subject and Verb Agreement, revised and then redesigned for the Web by Maggie Escalas, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/pronouns.htm> Pronouns and Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/pronante.html> Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement, revised and then redesigned for the Web by Maggie Escalas LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University
<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/pronounagree.htm> Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement, by Susanne Wong, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Nonsexist Language

<http://www.agricola.umn.edu/owc/handouts/GenderHO.html> Avoiding Gender Bias in Writing, by Stephen Mai, one of the more interesting designed writing sites, Online Writing Center, University of Minnesota.

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22. Verb Forms and Tenses [top]

Verbs

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/verb1.html> Verbs, by Anthony Hughes, An On-line English Grammar.
<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html> Summary of Verb Tenses, in table format, easy to follow, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University.

Present Tense

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/verb1.html#reg-simpres> Regular Verbs in the Simple Present, by Anthony Hughes, An On-line English Grammar.

Perfect Tense

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/perfectverb.htm> Perfect and Progressive Forms, by Tamara S. Meyer, includes teaching suggestions, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Linking Verbs

<http://webster.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/verbs.htm#linking>Linking Verbs, Definitions of Basic Sentence Parts: Verbs and Verbals, Guide to Writing and Grammar, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.

Helping Verbs

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/auxiliaryverbs.htm> Auxiliary or Helping Verbs, by Gregory T. Johnson, includes teaching suggestions, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Irregular Verbs

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/regularverbs.htm> Regular and Irregular Verbs, by Sam Patterson, includes teaching suggestions, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Active and Passive Voice

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/78.html> Voice and Mood, includes active and passive voice, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Moods

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/verbmood.htm> Verb Mood, by Julie Martin, includes a table, Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Subjunctive Mood

<http://faculty.washington.edu/marynell/grammar/subjunctive.html> Subjunctive, with a table, by Mary Nell Sorensen, University of Washington.

Conditional Mood

<http://faculty.washington.edu/marynell/grammar/conditional.html> Conditional, with a table, by Mary Nell Sorensen, University of Washington.
<http://deil.lang.uiuc.edu/class.pages/Structure1/condition.html> Conditions, by Ann Salzmann, Lingua Center, Intensive English Institute, Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois.

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23. Pronouns [top]

Personal

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/pronoun.html#table> Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns: Table, by Anthony Hughes, Online English Grammar.

Indefinite

< http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/pronoun.html#indefinite pronouns> Indefinite Pronouns, by Anthony Hughes, Online English Grammar.

Reflexive

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/pronoun.html#reflexive> Reflexive Pronouns, by Anthony Hughes, Online English Grammar.

Pronoun Case

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/127.html> Pronoun Case, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/case.htm> Noun and Pronoun Case, by Natalie Bromann, includes a "A Chart of Pronoun Cases," Grammar Handbook, The Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Pronoun Reference

<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/consistency.htm> Consistency of Tense and Pronoun Reference, Guide to Writing and Grammar, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronref.html> Pronoun Reference, by Dorothy Turner for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

24. Adjectives and Adverbs [top]

Comparatives and Superlatives

<http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/comparatives.htm> Comparatives and Superalitives, by Adam Kaur, Grammar Handbook, Writers' Workshop, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/81.html> Adjective or Adverb, Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Adjectives

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/adjectiv.html> Adjectives, Online English Grammar by Anthony Hughes.
<http://www.cod.edu/dept/kiesdan/engl_126/ph_adj.htm> The Adjective Phrase, by Daniel Kies, an impressive site! College of DuPage.

Adverbs

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/adverbs.html> Adverbs, Online English Grammar, by Anthony Hughes.

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25. Word Choice [top]

Dictionaries

<http://thorplus.lib.purdue.edu/reference/dict.html> THOR: The Virtual Reference, THe Online Reference, Dictionaries, Thesauri, Acronyms and Encyclopedias, Purdue University Libraries.
<http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/diction.html> A Web of On-line Dictionaries, by Robert Beard at Bucknell University.
<http://www.onelook.com/> One Look Dictionary, "2844798 words in 589 dictionaries now indexed."
<http://ww.m-w.com/netdict.htm> Merriam Webster's Dictionary.

Thesaurus

<http://www.thesaurus.com> Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.

Tone

<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/composition/tone.htm> Tone: A Matter of Attitude, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/EssayWritingAud.html> Audience and Tone, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.
<http://www.amherst.edu/~writing/wb_html/style.html>Style: Making Words Speak with Authority, by Susan Snively, Writing Counselor, Amherst College.

Avoid Slang

<http://www.variety.com/nav.asp?NavType=slang> Variety Slanguage, A brief but interesting list from "a" to" z" of popular slang.

Avoid Cliches

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/cliche.html> Avoiding Cliches in Writing, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.

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26 Wordiness [top]

Synonyms

<http://vancouver-webpages.com/synonyms.html> Synonyms Dictionary.

Avoid Being Wordy

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/127.html> Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://uwc-server.fac.utexas.edu/stu/handouts/wordines.html> Eliminating Wordiness, the Undergraduate Writing Center, University of Texas at Austin.

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Part Ten: Punctuation, Spelling, and Mechanics [top]

27 End Punctuation [top]

Declarative sentences use periods.

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000063.htm> Using Period, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

Interrogative sentences use question marks.

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000064.htm> Question Marks, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

Imperative sentences use periods or exclamation marks.

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000065.htm> Exclamation Point, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

End Punctuation

<http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/writing/on-line/endpunc.html> Using End Punctuation, Hunter College Reading/Writing Center.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/endpunct.html> End Punctuation, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

Punctuation

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000062.htm> Punctuations, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.
<http://www.temple.edu/writingctr/cw06002.htm> The Functions of Punctuation, this is an excellent table, Writing Center Temple University.

With Quotation Marks

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/quotemrk.html>Using Quotation Marks, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/qmarks.html> Quotation Marks, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

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28 Commas [top]

< http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/commas.htm> Rules for Comma Usage, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.
<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000066.htm> Commas, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/comma.html> Using Commas, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/writing/on-line/commause.html> Using the Comma, Hunter College Reading/Writing Center.

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29 Semicolons and Colons [top]

Semicolons

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000092.htm> Semicolons, Grammar Slammer.
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/semicoln.html> Using Semicolons, by Liz Atkins, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/semicoln.html> The Semicolon, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

Colons

<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/colon.html> Colon Rules, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/colon.html> The Colon, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

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30 Other Marks of Punctuation [top]

Quotation Marks

<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/usingquotes.html> Using Quotations, LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN.

Single Quotation Marks

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000109.htm> Single Quotation Marks, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

Ellipsis

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000137.htm> Ellipsis, Grammar Slammer, English Plus

Brackets

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000138.htm> Brackets, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

Dash

<http://www.clearcf.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/GramDash.html> Dashes, The UVic Writer's Guide, University of Victoria.
<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/dash.html>The Dash, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

Apostrophe

<http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/writing/on-line/apostrop.html> Using the Apostrophe, Hunter College Reading/Writing Center.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/13.html>Apostophe, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

<http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/apostrph.html> The Apostrophe, by Frances Peck for HyperGrammar, produced by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa.

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31 Spelling [top]

Spelling Rules

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/Spelling.html> Spelling, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/spelling.htm> Some Rules and Suggestions about Spelling, provides 7 spelling quizzes, Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.

Hyphen

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/18.html> Using Hyphens, Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000123.htm> Hyphens, Grammar Slammer, English Plus.

Online Spell Checker

<http://www.goldendome.net/Tools/WebSter/> Webster's Online Spell Checker. Fun site.

Spell Checker

<http://www.agricola.umn.edu/owc/handouts/spellchk.htm> Proofreading: After the Spell Checker, The Online Writing Center, University of Minnesota.

Frequently Misspelled Words

<http://www.sentex.net/~mmcadams/spelling.html>A Spelling Test, the 50 most commonly misspelled words, includes spelling tips, by Mindy McAdams.
<http://www.wolinskyweb.com/word.htm> Word Play, "Sites That Feature Fun with Words," by Mindy McAdams.

American Vs. British Spelling

<http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/OTHERREFERENCE/GRAMMARANDPUNCTUATION/AmerEngBritEng.html> Comparing American English and British English, Brain Bank.

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32 Mechanics [top]

Capitalization

<http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000040.htm> Rules for Capitalization Contents, Grammar Slammer!
<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/capital.htm>Capitalization, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.

Parentheses

<http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/fr_punc.html> Parentheses, Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation, by Jane Staus.

Numbers

<http://www.urich.edu/~writing/wweb/numbers.htm> Using Numbers and Numerals, by Amy Addison, Writer's Web, University of Richmond, VA.
<http://www.communications.uci.edu/style/style4.html> Numerals, UCI Style Manual, University of California, Irvine.

Italics

<http://webster.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar.htm> Using Italics and Underlining, Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling and Capital Community-Technical College.

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Part Eleven: Document Design [top]

33 Principles of Design [top]

Document Design

<http://www.wcdd.com/dd/resources/resindex.html> Resources, Whiskey Creek Document Design Online Journal.

Graphic and Tables

<http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/WritingCenter/references/graphics.htm>Guides about Graphics and Tables, Writing Center, University of Colorado.

Web Design

<http://www.pantos.org/atw/f-35367.html> Re-Visioning Document Design, All Things Web. Explains why document designs for printed text fail for web sites.
<http://www.sun.com/980713/webwriting/wftw2.html> Guide to Web Style, Sun Corporation.
<http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.html> Web Style Manual, Yale University.
<http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/WritingCenter/references/processes/html/page2.htm> Overview: Writing for the Web, by Mike Palmquist, Writing Center, University of Colorado.

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Part Twelve: Guide for ESL Writers [top]

34 Additional Help for ESL Writers [top]

General ESL Sites

<http://www.eslcafe.com> Daves ESL Café, by Dave Sperling. "Where English is Fun! For ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World." One of the best sources for anything about ESL.
<http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/english/> English Global Village, Amal 1, Israel.
<http://website.lineone.net/~eshp/> ESHP - the English Studies Home Pages, "For teachers and students of English worldwide."
<http://www.freeENGLISH.com/english/index.cfm> Free English."Why go anywhere else when you can learn with free ENGLISH, the best online ESL resource available today? And it's all FREE!"
<http://eslplanet.com/> ESL Planet, Leslie Hammersmith. This site is more for teachers, but there are some things for students.
<http://thecity.sfsu.edu/~funweb> Frizzy University Network (FUN), "is a relaxed and comfortable environment in which students learning English as a foreign or second language (EFL/ESL) can improve their writing. FUN students explore, discover and share their ideas, opinions and feelings in written English without the pressure of working for grades or credit. Here, students are motivated from within to learn and have FUN in the process!"
<http://www.rong-chang.com>English Language Teaching Resources, by Rong-Chang Li, mostly links to other sites, Ohio University.
<http://www.gl.umbc.edu/~kpokoy1/grammar1.htm> English Grammar Links for ESL Students, by Karen M. Hartman of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Articles

<http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/quizzes/grammar.html> Grammar Quizzes, part of the Internet TESL Journal, includes 5 Quizzes on Articles.
<http://webster.commnet.edu/hp/pages/darling/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm> Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers, Guide to Grammar and Writing, by Charles Darling, Capital Community-Technical College.

Modals

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/modals.html>Modal Auxiliary Verbs, by Anthony Hughes, An On-line English Grammar The Digital Education Network Ltd.

Count and Non-Count Nouns

<http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/nouns.html#countable>Count and Non-countable Nouns, by Anthony Hughes, An On-line English Grammar, The Digital Education Network Ltd.

Adjectives and Adverbs

<http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/quizzes/grammar.html> Grammar Quizzes, part of the Internet TESL Journal, includes Quizzes on Adjectives and Adverbs.